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Graphs and data

Supplements*
In this section, you will find figures and graphs referenced throughout the document. A list of Supplement 1 and 2 is available upon request (alex.gill@canada.ca). Please be advised, the supplements are only available in the language in which they were collected.

Figure 1

Descriptive Text Figure 1

Figure 1 is a Venn diagram that shows the relationship between the genome content of different groups of enteric Escherichia coli (E.coli) pathogens. The six recognised groups of enteric E. coli pathogens include, verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), adherent-invasive E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enterotoxigenic E. coli. In the Venn diagram the largest set is the E. coli pan genome which is the total range of genes found in E. coli isolates. Within the pan genome there are six sets representing the genes common to the six specific E. coli pathogens. The set representing the VTEC pan genome is in the centre and the sets for the other five groups of pathogens are shown to overlap, indicating that a portion of the genes are shared.

Figure 2

Descriptive Text Figure 2

Serotype	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Non-O157 typed	97	85	108	88	101	115	94	105	11	5	6	8	28	37	74	118	160	156
Untyped or Untypeable	189	52	78	34	21	28	24	15	73	38	78	69	73	114	97	64	67	60
O157:H7 and NM	2726	1831	1284	1259	1004	1085	775	1019	1867	1320	1058	405	481	486	472	458	379	415
O157 Atypical H	2	0	2	1	2	3	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Serotype	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Non-O157 typed	3.2%	4.3%	7.3%	6.4%	9.0%	9.3%	10.5%	9.2%	0.6%	0.4%	0.5%	1.7%	4.8%	5.8%	11.5%	18.4%	26.4%	24.7%
Untyped or Untypeable	6.3%	2.6%	5.3%	2.5%	1.9%	2.3%	2.7%	1.3%	3.7%	2.8%	6.8%	14.3%	12.5%	17.9%	15.1%	10.0%	11.1%	9.5%
O157:H7 and NM	90.4%	93.0%	87.2%	91.1%	89.0%	88.1%	86.5%	89.2%	95.7%	96.8%	92.6%	84.0%	82.6%	76.3%	73.4%	71.6%	62.5%	65.8%
O157 Atypical H	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%

Figure 3

Descriptive Text Figure 3

Year of Outbreak	O157	Non-O157
1982	1	0
1983	1	0
1984	0	0
1985	2	0
1986	8	0
1987	5	0
1988	6	0
1989	7	0
1990	8	0
1991	16	0
1992	16	0
1993	19	0
1994	16	1
1995	17	2
1996	14	1
1997	3	1
1998	23	0
1999	35	1
2000	32	2
2001	17	1
2002	35	2
2003	18	0
2004	27	3
2005	31	8
2006	20	1
2007	33	7
2008	35	4
2009	31	2
2010	22	11
2011	28	9
2012	29	11
2013	32	5
2014	21	12
2015	17	8
2016	17	7

Figure 4

Descriptive Text Figure 4

Year	Rate per 100,000
1997	4.09
1998	4.85
1999	4.97
2000	9.81
2001	4.3
2002	3.96
2003	3.43
2004	3.44
2005	2.48
2006	3.31
2007	3.24
2008	2.29
2009	1.82
2010	1.6
2011	1.86
2012	1.97
2013	1.81
2014	1.82
2015	1.78
2016	2.02

Table 1

Incidence of Patient Outcomes from confirmed verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections US, 1996 to 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/foodnetfast/.

(Table 1 is related to the Features of Vulnerable Populations section)

Incidence per 100,000

Table 1

Age Group	Infection	Hospitalization	Death
<5	8.08	1.79	0.04
5-9	3.95	1.20	0.00
10-19	2.87	0.80	0.02
20-29	1.82	0.42	0.02
30-39	0.94	0.25	0.02
40-49	0.80	0.26	0.00
50-59	1.04	0.40	0.02
60-69	1.29	0.61	0.02
70+	1.48	0.87	0.06
Male	1.90	0.57	0.01
Female	2.19	0.66	0.01

Table 2

Virulence markers and putative virulence markers of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

(Table 2 is related to the Verotoxin and Other Virulence Factors sections).

The Content Of This Table Is Provisional.

Table 2

Target	Confirmed Virulence Factor	Genetic Support	Encoded protein or family effector	GenBank Accession Numbers
stx1a	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 1a	M19473
stx1c	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 1c	Z36901
stx1d	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 1d	AY170851
stx1e	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 1e	KF926684
stx2a	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2a	X07865
stx2b	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2b	X65949
stx2c	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2c	M59432
stx2d	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2d	AF479828
stx2e	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2e	M21534
stx2f	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2f	AJ010730
stx2g	Yes	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2g	AY286000
stx2h	No	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2h	CP022279
stx2i	No	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2i	FN252457
stx2k	No	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2k	KC339670
stx2l	No	Chromosomal -phage	Verotoxin 2l	AM904726
aaiC	Yes	EAEC pAA	AaiC, secreted protein	FN554766
adfO	No	O-Island 57	Adhesin	AE005174
aggR	Yes	EAEC Chromosome (Z32523)	Transcriptional activator	Z18751
astA	Yes	Plasmid and chromosome	Heat-stable enterotoxin	L11241 and HE603111
bfpA	No	pMAR2 plasmid (NC_011603)	Major structural subunit of bundle-forming pilus	AB247922 to AB247935
cdt-V	Yes	Chromosome (AJ508930)	Cytolethal distending toxin	JF461073
chuAa	No	Chromosome	Heme/hemoglobin receptor	AF280396
cif D	No	Chromosome	Deamidase	AY128535
ckf	No	O-Island 57	Putative killer protein	AE005174
ecf1	No	EHEC plasmid	Enzyme that enhances bacterial membrane structure	NC_007414
ecf2	No	EHEC plasmid	Enzyme that enhances bacterial membrane structure	NC_007414
efa1	No	O-Island 122	EHEC factor for adherence	AF159462
eae	Yes	LEE PI	Intimin	–
ehaA	No	OI-15	Autotransporter of EHEC	AE005174
ehxA	No	EHEC plasmid (NC_007414)	Enterohemolysin	AF074613
eibG	No	aEHEC plasmid (NC_007365)	Immunoglobulin binding protein	AB255744
ent/espL2	No	O-Island 122	Microcolony formation and F-actin aggregation	AE005174
epeA	No	aEHEC plasmid	Serine protease autotransporter	AY258503.2; NC_007365
espB	No	LEE PI	LEE effector	Z21555
espF	No	LEE PI	LEE effector	AF116900
espH	No	–	Non-LEE-encoded effector	AB303061
espJ	No	–	Non-LEE-encoded effector	AB303061
espK	No	OI-50 (prophage CP-933N)	Non-LEE-encoded type III effector	AE005174
espM1	No	OI-71	Non-LEE-encoded type III effector	AE005174
espN	No	OI-50 (prophage CP-933N)	Non-LEE-encoded type III effector	AE005174
espP	No	EHEC plasmid (pO157)	Serine protease EspP	NC_002128
espT	No	–	RhoGEF mimic	–
espV	No	OI-44	AvrA family effector	AE005174
espZ	No	Chromosome	–	DQ138078
etpD	No	pO157	Type-II effector	AF074613
Iha	No	O-Island 43 and O-Island 48	Iron regulated adhesin;	AF126104
iha_homologue	No	O-Island 43 and O-Island 48	Iron regulated adhesin;	AF126104
irp2	No	High pathogenicity island	Iron-repressible protein 2	CU928185
katP	No	EHEC plasmid (pO26)	Catalase peroxidase	GQ259888
lpfAO113	No	EAEC chromosome (CU928185)	Long polar fimbrial protein	AY057066
lpfAO26	No	EAEC chromosome (CU928185)	Major fimbrial subunit of LPFO26	AB161111
mapR	No	–	RhoGEF mimic	CAS11490
nleA	No	O-Island 71	Disruption of tight junctions and protein trafficking	AB303062
nleB	No	O-Island 122	Immunmodulation	AB303062
nleB1	No	–	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	FM180568
nleB2	No	O-Island 36	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	NC_013008
nleC	No	O-Island 36	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AE005174
nleD	No	O-Island 36	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AE005174
nleE	No	O-Island 122	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AP010958
nleF	No	O-Island 71	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AE005174
nleG	No	O-Island 71	Ubiquitin ligase	AB303062
nleG2–1	No	O-Island 71	Ubiquitin ligase	AP010953
nleG2–3	No	O-Island 57	Ubiquitin ligase	AP010953
nleG5–2	No	O-Island 57	Ubiquitin ligase	AE005174
nleG6–2	No	O-Island 57	Ubiquitin ligase	AE005174
nleG9	No	O-Island 71	Ubiquitin ligase	AP010953
nleH1	No	O-Island 36	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AJA24806
nleH2	No	O-Island 71	Non-LEE encoded type III effector	AJA24806
ompA	No	Chromosome	Outer Membrane Protein II	V00307
paa	No	plasmid	porcine attaching-effacing associated protein	AY547306
pagC	No	OI-122	PagC-like membrane protein	AE005174
saa	No	pO113	STEC autoagglunating adhesin	NC_007365
sab	No	Plasmid	STEC autotransporter (AT) mediating biofilm formation	NC_007365
subA	No	pO113	Subtilase cytoxin	NC_007414
tia	No	Chromosome	toxigenic invasion loci A	JQ994271
tir	Yes	LEE PI	translocated intimin receptor	AF013122
toxB	No	pO157	Homolog of efa1, adhesin	AF074613
tspE4.C2	No	Chromosome	Esterase-lipase protein	AF222188
ureC	No	OI-43 and OI-48	Urease-associtated protein	NC002655
ureD	No	OI-43 and OI-48	Urease-associated protein UreD	AE005174
wecA	No	Chromosome	Polyisoprenyl-phosphate N-acetylhexosamine-1-phosphate transferase	–

Table 3

The number of E. coli isolates with confirmed verotoxin status, by O-type (excluding O157), submitted for characterization between 1998 and 2012 to the National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (Catford et al., 2014).

(Table 3 is related to the Serotyping section).

Table 3

O-type	n	% of total of each O-type
O26	70	14.1
O121	62	12.4
O103	55	11.0
Rough (38) or Untypable (16)	54	10.8
O111	44	8.8
O145	16	3.2
O117	11	2.2
O91	10	2.0
O5, O146, O165	9	1.8
O174	8	1.6
O8	7	1.4
O1, O113	6	1.2
O6, O48, O55, O118, O128	5	1.0
O2, O45, O69, O83, O153, O156, O177, O181	4	1.8
O43, O71, O76, O104, O119, O130	3	0.6
O28, O73, O84, O107, O110, O123, O139, O154, O179, O185	2	0.4
O4, O18, O21, O22, O38, O39, O40, O41, O49, O51, O52, O63, O68, O70, O75, O78, O79, O88, O98, O116, O136, O141, O171, O182, O183, O186, Inactive	1	0.2

Rough: isolate does not express lipopolysaccharide O chain.

Untypable: antibody reactions do not conform to serotyping scheme.

Table 4

Examples of foods internationally reported as sources of exposure to verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Data and citations in Supplement 2*.

(Table 4 is related to the Food and VTEC Exposure section).

Table 4

Types	Reported Food Vehicles
Animal Origin
Meat	Beef, pork, mutton/lamb, bison, venison, chicken, kangaroo, turkey, pork pie, frankfurter, salami, deli meat, pepperoni, tartare, ham, kebab
Dairy	Cow’s milk, Goat’s milk, cheese, ice cream, cheese curds
Seafood	Salmon roe, tuna pâte, crab, salmon, lobster
Plant Origin
Fruit and Berries	Apple cider, tomato, cantaloupe, grapes, watermelon, fruit salad, strawberries, blueberries, pear
Herbs	Parsley, cilantro
Leafy Greens	Iceberg lettuce, romaine lettuce, spinach, kale, cabbage, arugula, rocket
Mushrooms	Unspecified
Nuts	Walnuts, Hazelnuts
Sprouts	Alfalfa, radish, fenugreek, clover, watercress, bean
Vegetables	Cucumber, celery, leeks, potatoes, green beans, onions, sugar peas
Complex
Cold Prepared	Bean dip, guacamole, salsa, potato salad, pasta salad, coleslaw, bean salad, tuna salad, seafood salad, chocolate mousse, soy nut butter, mixed salads
Grains/Baked	Flour, brownie, cakes, cookie dough, wheat snack, pizza dough mix

Table 5

Incidents of foodborne verotoxigenic Escherichia coli illness with an identified food vehicle, internationally and in Canada, 1982 to 2018. Data and citations in Supplement 2*.

(Table 5 is related to the Foods Associated with VTEC illness section).

Table 5

	Total				Canada
Origin	Number of Incidents	Percentage of Incidents	Number of Cases	Percentage of Cases	Number of Incidents	Percentage of Incidents	Number of Cases	Percentage of Cases
Animal Origin
Meat	377	51.3%	7,269	23.6%	142	75.1%	1,683	56.0%
Beef	296	40.5%	4,877	15.8%	118	62.4%	1,044	34.8%
Bison	2	0.3%	22	0.1%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Chicken	6	0.8%	173	0.6%	2	1.1%	38	1.3%
Lamb/Mutton	6	0.8%	60	0.2%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Turkey	2	0.3%	38	0.1%	1	0.5%	36	1.2%
Venison	7	1.0%	72	0.2%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Kangaroo	1	0.5%	5	–	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Pork	12	1.6%	328	1.1%	9	4.8%	288	9.6%
Unspecified	43	5.9%	1,694	5.5%	12	6.3%	277	9.2%
Dairy	97	13.2%	1,385	4.5%	18	9.5%	229	7.6%
Pasteurised/unspecified	25	3.4%	365	1.2%	2	1.1%	19	0.6%
Raw	72	9.8%	1,020	3.3%	16	8.5%	210	7.0%
Seafood	7	1.0%	96	0.3%	1	0.5%	3	0.1%
Plant Origin	137	18.7%	17,694	57.5%	13	6.9%	661	22.0%
Fruit and Berries	30	4.1%	1,551	5.0%	4	2.1%	166	5.5%
Leafy Greens	71	9.7%	2,675	8.7%	5	2.6%	214	7.1%
Nuts	3	0.4%	30	0.1%	2	1.1%	22	0.7%
Sprouts	18	2.5%	1,245	40.4%	1	0.5%	24	0.8%
Vegetables	11	1.5%	788	2.6%	1	0.5%	235	7.8%
Herbs	3	0.4%	150	0.5%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Mushrooms	1	0.1%	50	0.2%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%
Complex	116	15.8%	4,342	14.1%	15	7.9%	427	14.2%
Cold Prepared	47	6.4%	1,866	6.1%	3	1.6%	223	7.4%
Grains/Baked	10	1.4%	268	0.9%	3	1.6%	37	1.2%
Multiple	59	8.0%	2,208	7.2%	9	4.8%	167	5.6%

International total:

• Number of incidents: 733
• Number of cases: 3,078

Canadian total:

• Number of incidents: 189
• Number of cases: 3,003

Table 6

Prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in FoodNet retail samples, irrigation water and feedlot beef manure samples, 2014-2017 (n Positive).

(Table 6 is related to the Foods Associated with VTEC illness, FoodNet Canada and Raw Ground Beef, Pork and Veal and Precursor Materials sections).

Table 6

Year	Retail Ground Beef	Retail Ground Pork	Retail Veal	Irrigation Water	Feedlot Cattle Manure
2014	296 5 (1.7%)	23 1 (4.4%)	ND ND	149 41 (27.5%)	ND ND
2015	387 9 (2.3%)	75 5 (6.7%)	ND ND	188 60 (31.9%)	ND ND
2016	393 5 (1.3%)	ND ND	ND ND	142 41 (28.9%)	78 8 (10.3%)
2017	382 10 (2.6%)	ND ND	334 21 (6.3%)	116 38 (32.8%)	76 13 (17.1%)
Total	1,458 29 (2.0%)	98 6 (6.1%)	334 21 (6.3%)	595 180 (30.3%)	154 21 (13.64%)

* Retail ground pork - Sampling: n=1/250g; Analytical unit: 25g

* Irrigation water - Sampling: n=1/1000 mL; Analytical unit: 150 mL

* Feedlot cattle manure - Sampling: n=1/110g; Analytical unit: 1

ND: Not done

Table 7

Summary of food monitoring studies for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Canada from April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2018.

(Table 7 is related to the Foods Associated with VTEC illness, Targeted Surveys Program, Raw Ground Beef, Pork and Veal and Precursor Materials, Ready-to-Eat Meats, Raw Milk Cheeses, Fresh Produce and Other Plant-Based Foods sections).

Table 7

Food Type	Sampling Program	Lot Sampling	Analytical Unit	Origin	Target Serotype(s)	Tested	Positive	Serotypes
Raw ground pork, beef and veal	NMMP	n=5/200 g	325 ge	Domestic	O157:H7/NM	3,273	3	O157:H7/NM
	NMMP	n=5/200 g	325 ge	Imported	O157:H7/NM	48	0
Raw ground beef precursor	NMMP	N60a	325 g composite	Domestic	O157:H7/NM	3,834	3	O157:H7/NM
	NMMP	N60a	325 g composite	Imported	O157:H7/NM	5	0
Ready-to-eat meats	NMMP NMMP	n=5/250 g n=5/250 g	325 ge 325 ge	Domestic Imported	O157:H7/NM O157:H7/NM	22 15	0 0	–
Raw milk cheeses	NMMP NMMP	n=5/200 g to 1 Kg n=5/200 g to 1 Kg	125 gd 125 gd	Domestic Imported	O157:H7/NM O157:H7/NM	247 550	0 0	–
Fresh and fresh-cut ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables	NMMP and FSO	n=1 or 5b/ 150-250 gc	125 gd	Domestic	O157:H7/NM	2,617	0	–
	NMMP	n=5/150 gb	125 gd	Domestic	All	66	0	–
	NMMP and FSO	n=1 or 5b/ 150-250 gc	25 g for n=1 or 125 gd for n=5	Imported	All	4,882	0	–
	NMMP	n=5/150 g	125 gd	Imported	All	187	0	–
	Targeted Surveys	n=1/250 g	25 g	Both	O157:H7/NM	28,715	0	–
	Targeted Surveys	n=1/250 g	25 g	Both	All	1,251	6	all non-O157
Nuts and nut butters	Targeted Surveys (2013-2014)	n=1/250 g	25 g	Both	O157:H7/NM	3,972	0	–
Dried sprouted seeds	Targeted Surveys (1 year)	n=1/250 g	25 g	Both	O157:H7/NM	322	0	–
	Targeted Surveys (Multi year)	n=1/250 g	25 g	Both	All	1,028	4	all non-O157
Unpasteurized juices and ciders	Targeted Surveys (2016-2017)	n=1/250 ml	25 g	Both	O157:H7/NM	1,133	0	–

1. N60: thin slices of approximately 50 cm² are collected from the surface of 60 pieces of precursor materials.
2. NMMP and FSO samples collected by CFIA inspectors at domestic establishments and importers consisted of 5 subunits. FSO and Targeted Survey samples collected at retail consisted of 1 subunit.
3. Institutional-sized bags of pre-products, collected by CFIA inspectors, that were destined for restaurants, hospitals or institutions, could be less than five (5) units as long as the total weight is at least 1000 g. For whole large fruits, such as cantaloupes, melons & papayas, a single fruit is sampled for each test.
4. 5 x 25 g composite
5. 5 x 65 g composite

Table 8

Incidents of foodborne verotoxigenic Escherichia coli reported internationally, fifteen largest outbreaks by number of cases. Data and citations in Supplement 2*.

(Table 8 is related to the Food Preparation Practices Associated with VTEC Illness section).

Table 8

Location	Year	Serotype	Cases	Deaths	Vehicle
Japan	1996	O157:H7	8,355	NA	Radish sprouts
Germany	2011	O104:H4	3,816	54	Fenugreek sprouts
USA	2000	O157:H7	736	1	Watermelon
UK	1996	O157:H7	512	17	Various cooked meats
USA	1992	O157:H7	477	3	Hamburger
USA	2008	O111:NM	341	1	Restaurant meals
USA	1999	O157:H7	321	0	Beef
Japan	2007	O157:H7	314	NA	Boxed meals
Japan	2011	O157:H7	304	1	Rice cakes
UK	2005	O157	275	1	Meat, cross contamination
UK	2010	O157	252	1	Raw leeks and potatoes
USA	2006	O157:H7	238	5	Spinach
Finland	2016	ONT:H11	237	0	Rocket salad
Canada	2008	O157:H7	235	0	Onion
Japan	1996	O157:H7	215	NA	Seafood salad

ONT: O group not typable

Table 9

Incidents of foodborne verotoxigenic Escherichia coli reported in Canada, fifteen largest outbreaks by number of cases. Data and citations in Supplement 2*.

(Table 9 is related to the Food Preparation Practices Associated with VTEC Illness section)

Table 9

Province	Year	Serotype	Cases	Deaths	Vehicle
Ontario	2008	O157:H7	235	0	Onion
Nova Scotia	1998	O157	182	0	Salad
Quebec	2000	O157:H7	176	0	Ground Beef
Ontario	2008	O157:H7	148	0	Romaine lettuce
Canada	1999	O157:H7	143	0	Sausage
Alberta	2014	O157:H7	119	0	Pork
Saskatchewan	2001	O157:H7	79	0	Pork
Ontario	1985	O157:H7	70	17	Ham Sandwiches
Canada/USA	1996	O157:H7	70	1	Apple juice, unpasteurized
Ontario	2003	O157:H7	61	0	Haggis
Manitoba	2006	O157	57	0	Hamburger
Alberta	2004	O157:H7	51	0	Beef donair
Ontario	1986	O157:H7	47	0	Raw milk
Canada	2007	O157:H7	46	1	Ground Beef

Table 10

Levels of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli reported in outbreak associated foods.

(Table 10 is related to the Levels of VTEC in Outbreak-Associated Foods section).

Table 10

Food	Serotype	Level	Citation
Fermented Sausage	O157:H7	0.4 CFU/g	Tilden et al., 1996
Beef patties	O157:H7	<13.7 to 675 CFU/45g	Tuttle et al., 1999
Raw milk cheese	O157:H7	5 to 10 CFU/g	Strachan et al., 2001
Seafood sauce	O157:H7	0.11 CFU/g	Teunis et al., 2004
Beef patties	O157:H7	1.45 MPN/g	Hara-Kudo and Takatori, 2011
Beef	O157:H7	23 MPN/g	Hara-Kudo and Takatori, 2011
Raw milk cheese	O157:H7	0.37 to 0.95 MPN/100g	Gill and Oudit 2015
Beef patties	O157:H7	2.2 MPN/100g	Gill and Huszczynski, 2016
Minced meat cutlets (beef, pork, onions, and eggs)	O157:H7	2.3 to 110 MPN/g	Furukawa et al. 2018
Fermented sausage	O111:H-	0.1 CFU/g	Paton et al., 1996
Ice cream	O26:H11 O145:H28	0.03 MPN/g 2.4 MPN/g	Buvens et al., 2011
Wheat flour	O121:H19	0.17 to 0.43 MPN/100g	Gill et al., 2019a

CFU: colony forming units

MPN: most probable number

Table 11

Serotypes of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from FoodNet retail samples, irrigation water and feedlot beef manure samples, 2014-2017.

(Table 11 is related to the FoodNetCanada section).

Table 11

Retail Ground Beef	Retail Ground Pork	Retail Veal	Irrigation Water	Feedlot Beef Manure
All sites	All sites	All sites	SS2-a, SS3-a	SS3-a
O?:H21, O5:NM, O6:H34, O25, O26:H11, O34:H32, O39:H21, O41, O46:H38, O76:H19, O76:NM, O91:H21, O103:H2, O113:H21, O117:H2, O136:H12, O141AC:H2, O146:H8, O157:H7, O168:H8, O171:H2, O177:NM, untyped	O2:NM, O8, O8:H19, O100:NM, O103:H2, O121:H10, O145:NM, O155:H20, O157:H16, O157:H7, O163:H19, O163:NM, untyped	O?:H5, O2:H29, O8:H19, O55:H12, O91:NM, O109:H5, O111:NM, O113:NM, O118:H16, O132:NM, O157:H7, O160:H12, O174:H21, O185:H7	O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O11, O22, O26, O34, O36, O39, O41, O43, O45, O51, O54, O55, O63, O75, O76, O83, O84, O88, O91, O98, O103, O106, O109, O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O121, O126, O128, O130, O132, O136, O145, O152, O153, O157, O159, O163, O165, O166, O168, O172, O174, O177, O178, O179, O181, O182, O183, O185, O187, O188, Untyped	O2, O76, O88, O104, O109, O132, O145, O157, O163, O168, O171

Table 12

Government of Canada documents providing guidance on verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in foods.

(Table 12 is related to the Meat and Fresh Produce sections).

Table 12

Title	Link
Health Canada’s Guidance Document on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli O157:NM in Raw Beef	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/guidance-documents/guidance-document-coli-0157-coli-0157-beef-2014.html
Interim guidelines for the control of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli including E. coli O157:H7 in ready to eat fermented sausages containing beef or a beef product as an ingredient	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/guidance-documents/interim-guidelines-control-verotoxinogenic-escherichia-coli-including-colio157-fermented-sausages-beef-product-ingredient.html
Guidance on Mandatory Labelling for Mechanically Tenderized Beef	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/guidance-documents/guidance-mandatory-labelling-mechanically-tenderized-beef.html
Management of the Risks Related to the Consumption of Donairs and Similar Products	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/guidance-documents/management-risks-related-consumption-donairs-similar-products-gyros-kebabs-chawarmas-shawarmas-2008.html
Food and Drug Regulations- FDR- (C.R.C., c. 870), B.08.002.2 (1)	https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-40.html#h-71
Managing Health Risks Associated with Unpasteurized Fruit Juice Cider Products	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/policies/managing-health-risk-associated-consumption-unpasteurized-fruit-juice-cider-products.html
Code of Practice for the Production and Distribution of Unpasteurized Apple and Other Fruit Juice/Cider in Canada	https://www.inspection.gc.ca/food-safety-for-industry/archived-food-guidance/processed-products/manuals/code-of-practice/eng/1340636187830/1340637184931
Policy on Managing Health Risk Associated with the Consumption of Sprouted Seeds and Beans	https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/legislation-guidelines/policies/policy-managing-health-risk-associated-consumption-sprouted-seeds-beans.html